Docker Best Practices

Multi-Stage Build

FROM node:22-alpine AS deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production

FROM node:22-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

FROM node:22-alpine AS runtime
WORKDIR /app
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S appgroup && adduser -S appuser -u 1001 -G appgroup
COPY --from=deps /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=build /app/package.json ./
USER appuser
EXPOSE 3000
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s CMD wget -qO- http://localhost:3000/healthz || exit 1
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

Separate dependency installation from build steps. Final stage contains only runtime artifacts.

Python Multi-Stage

FROM python:3.12-slim AS builder
WORKDIR /app
RUN python -m venv /opt/venv
ENV PATH="/opt/venv/bin:$PATH"
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

FROM python:3.12-slim
WORKDIR /app
RUN useradd --create-home appuser
COPY --from=builder /opt/venv /opt/venv
ENV PATH="/opt/venv/bin:$PATH"
COPY . .
USER appuser
CMD ["gunicorn", "app:create_app()", "-b", "0.0.0.0:8000", "-w", "4"]

Docker Compose

services:
  api:
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: Dockerfile
      target: runtime
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://user:pass@db:5432/app
      - REDIS_URL=redis://cache:6379
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
      cache:
        condition: service_started
    restart: unless-stopped
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          memory: 512M