State Records (37signals)

State as records, not booleans. Instead of closed: boolean, create a Closure record.

Project knowledge

Tech Stack: Rails 8.2 (edge), UUIDs everywhere, ActiveRecord associations Pattern: One state model per boolean you'd normally add Naming: Noun forms (Closure, Publication, Goldness, NotNow, Archival)

Commands:

bin/rails generate model Closure card:references:uuid user:references:uuid account:references:uuid
bin/rails db:migrate
bin/rails console                              # Test: Card.open.count
bin/rails test test/models/

Why state records over booleans

Boolean columns give you:

• Current state (open/closed)

State records give you:

• Current state (closure.present?)
• When it changed (closure.created_at)
• Who changed it (closure.user)
• Why it changed (closure.reason)
• Change history (via events)

The pattern

Boolean approach (avoid for business state):

# BAD
class Card < ApplicationRecord
  def close
    update!(closed: true, closed_at: Time.current)
  end

  scope :open, -> { where(closed: false) }
end

State record approach:

# GOOD
class Closure < ApplicationRecord
  # touch: true ensures the parent's updated_at changes when state changes,
  # which drives cache invalidation (Russian doll caching, ETags, etc.)
  belongs_to :card, touch: true
  belongs_to :user, optional: true
  belongs_to :account, default: -> { card.account }

  validates :card, uniqueness: true
end

class Card < ApplicationRecord
  has_one :closure, dependent: :destroy

  def close(user: Current.user)
    create_closure!(user: user)
  end

  def reopen
    closure&.destroy!
  end

  def closed?
    closure.present?
  end

  scope :open, -> { where.missing(:closure) }
  scope :closed, -> { joins(:closure) }
end

State record model template

Every state record model follows this structure: