Django 测试驱动开发 (TDD)

使用 pytest、factory_boy 和 Django REST Framework 进行 Django 应用程序的测试驱动开发。

何时启用

• 编写新的 Django 应用程序时
• 实现 Django REST Framework API 时
• 测试 Django 模型（Models）、视图（Views）、序列化器（Serializers）时
• 配置 Django 项目的测试基础设施时

Django 的 TDD 工作流

红-绿-重构（Red-Green-Refactor）循环

# 步骤 1: RED - 编写一个失败的测试
def test_user_creation():
    user = User.objects.create_user(email='test@example.com', password='testpass123')
    assert user.email == 'test@example.com'
    assert user.check_password('testpass123')
    assert not user.is_staff

# 步骤 2: GREEN - 使测试通过
# 创建 User 模型或 Factory

# 步骤 3: REFACTOR - 在保持测试通过的同时进行改进

设置

pytest 配置

# pytest.ini
[pytest]
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = config.settings.test
testpaths = tests
python_files = test_*.py
python_classes = Test*
python_functions = test_*
addopts =
    --reuse-db
    --nomigrations
    --cov=apps
    --cov-report=html
    --cov-report=term-missing
    --strict-markers
markers =
    slow: marks tests as slow
    integration: marks tests as integration tests

测试设置

# config/settings/test.py
from .base import *

DEBUG = True
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': ':memory:',
    }
}

# 禁用迁移以加快速度
class DisableMigrations:
    def __contains__(self, item):
        return True

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return None

MIGRATION_MODULES = DisableMigrations()

# 更快的密码哈希
PASSWORD_HASHERS = [
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
]

# 邮件后端
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'

# Celery 始终为 eager 模式
CELERY_TASK_ALWAYS_EAGER = True
CELERY_TASK_EAGER_PROPAGATES = True

conftest.py

# tests/conftest.py
import pytest
from django.utils import timezone
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model

User = get_user_model()

@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def timezone_settings(settings):
    """确保时区一致。"""
    settings.TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'